5 Key Rules to Follow When Composing a Photograph

1. The Rule of Thirds

The rule of thirds remains one of the most fundamental principles in photography. Imagine your frame divided into nine equal segments by two horizontal and two vertical lines. Placing your subject along these lines or at their intersections creates a balanced and visually appealing composition. This approach helps draw the viewer’s attention to the subject while maintaining harmony in the frame.

Additional tip: You don’t always have to strictly adhere to this rule. Use it as a guideline, and don’t hesitate to experiment by centering your subject or exploring negative space for creative effects.

2. Leading Lines

Leading lines guide the viewer’s eye through the photograph and towards the main subject. These lines can be natural (like rivers or pathways) or man-made (such as roads or fences). Incorporating strong leading lines gives your photo depth and a sense of journey.

New insight: Horizontal, vertical, or diagonal lines can evoke different emotions. Horizontal lines often provide a sense of calm, vertical lines suggest stability, and diagonal lines create dynamic energy. Use these qualities intentionally to enhance your storytelling.

3. Framing Your Subject

Framing is an excellent way to add layers and depth to your photograph. This can be achieved by using elements like doorways, windows, or branches to enclose your subject. Framing not only draws attention to the subject but also provides context, enriching the story of the image.

Enhancement: Try experimenting with unconventional frames. Shadows, reflections, or even blurred foreground elements can act as creative frames, adding intrigue and uniqueness to your shots.

4. Use of Light and Shadows

Photography is all about capturing light, and understanding how to use it effectively can transform your photos. Soft, diffused light is ideal for even exposure, while harsh light can create dramatic contrasts. Shadows can add texture and depth, emphasizing the subject’s form and adding mood.

Expert addition: Pay attention to the direction of light. Side lighting can reveal texture, while backlighting creates silhouettes. Experiment with golden hour light to bring warmth and richness to your images. 

5. Simplify your Scene

Cluttered compositions can overwhelm the viewer. Simplifying your scene by focusing on a single subject or eliminating unnecessary elements ensures that the subject takes center stage. Negative space—the area around your subject—can emphasize your subject and evoke a sense of calm.

New perspective: Minimalism doesn’t mean boring. You can use strong geometric shapes, bold colors, or striking contrasts to create impactful compositions even with simple elements.

Bonus Tips from the Experts

Golden Ratio

While the rule of thirds is widely known, the golden ratio is a more advanced compositional tool. This spiral-based principle is often seen in nature and can create even more harmonious layouts.

Textures and Patterns

Incorporating repetitive patterns or contrasting textures can add visual interest. Look for opportunities in architecture, nature, and everyday scenes to integrate these elements.

Breaking the Rules

While these guidelines can dramatically improve your photos, some of the most memorable images come from intentionally breaking the rules. Trust your creative instincts and let your vision guide you.

Below is a fantastic video on composition with Huntington Witherill — a master in my opinion.